CELTA Assignment: Southern Cross Teacher Training

Southern Cross Teacher Training Cambridge University CELTA Skills Assignment |Name |Submission date |Word count | | | | | |Signature to confirm the assignment is your own work | | | These are the criteria by which this assignment is assessed.Before submitting the assignment, double check to make sure you have specifically addressed each area of assessment sufficiently. |Criteria |Trainer Comments | |Correctly use terminology that relates to language | | |skills and sub-skills, e. g. make sure a task you | | |design and name as skim reading is indeed a skim | | |reading task. | | |Relate task design to language skills development, | | |e. . make sure you provide a rationale for each task| | |(e. g. why is the initial task a reading for gist? ). | | |Find, select, and reference information learnt about| | |skills development from one or more sources. | |Use written language that is clear, accurate and | | |appropriate to the task. | | | | | | | | | |Pass 1st submission | Resubm ission required | | | |Fail | | | | | | | | | | | | Skills Related TasksSection 1: Justification of text The text that I have chosen, a critical review of ‘Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2’, has the potential to be hugely engaging and I could create a very interesting and enjoyable lesson based from it. The film itself is very dramatic and universal to all audiences, and the text depicts this clearly. This allows learners to read the language on offer and use the video trailer in the lead-in as contextual background.Using a film review format, a format that the learners will be familiar with, means that there will be greater focus on the reading skills of the learners, as they maybe put off by an unknown format, such as a legal document or medical journal. In addition the format of a film review is one that all learners would have seen before in a ‘real-world’ context and therefore understand the purpose and delivery of this text. As the film is recent and the whole series of films and books are a worldwide phenomenon, learners may appreciate the relevance and understanding of the basic plot and characters in the film.This maybe an advantage than teaching a previously unknown book or film as extra class time may be required to explain the synopsis and context to the learners. As a film review, the text is specifically designed to inform and entertain the general public about the film in question. This means learners will hopefully enjoy reading the text and will be interested to find out the opinion of a professional film critic, and perhaps compare that to their own opinions of the film.I will get the learners to use their own opinions of films by asking them to write a film review of their own. The learners can use the given text as a film review model so that they know what sort of lexis, register and structure to use for their productive task. This task will allow for free practice, however with a modeled example and a lso practice on forming critical opinions. Section 2 – A means of developing receptive skills and sub skills I will be trying to develop the learners’ reading skills.I will vary the activities so sometimes they maybe reading for certain facts, or reading in depth for a full and detailed understanding of the text. The first task I will give the learners will be a simple and straightforward ‘gist-task’ where learners have to confirm their predictions they made in the lead in task. Learners will be reading for specific information so may not read the full text in detail. This type of ‘gist-reading’ or reading for basic understanding will hopefully get the learners engaged in the text and get them understanding the context of the text.Reading for pre-defined material is another subskill that I could use this text to develop, as Harmer states in Practical English Language Teaching[1] how vital â€Å"extensive reading for the development of our stu dent’s word recognition† is. He thinks that â€Å"students need to be involved in both intensive and extensive reading† and hence the reason why the gist task I have chosen focuses on extensive reading and the detailed task does so on intensive reading.I would ask learners to read again and set some basic comprehension questions, perhaps in a true/false format or multiple-choice format. They will then have the opportunity to confirm this by pair comparison and open class feedback, accompanied by delayed error feedback. Using both types of reading techniques helps to improve both types of reading skills, which is something that learners will need for practically using English outside of the classroom. For a lead-in to this text I would initially show the class the trailer of the film.This will give a good engaging context to the lesson and all learners, irrespective of those who have seen the film, are on a the same level of pre-existing contextual knowledge. This means a greater focus on reading skills and language can occur, rather learners being confused about the plot and characters. I could perhaps use the trailer to elicit predictions form the learners about what happens in the film. I would then go on to elicit predictions about the success of the film and whether it was it would get a positive or negative review.Learners will then be thinking about their own opinions of the film and would find an authentic film review very useful to compare their own ideas. This would then lead straight into me handing out the text and asking learners to complete the gist task. This lead-in should aim to get learners thinking about Harry Potter and then subsequently on the topic of film reviews and critical opinions. As this document is a published in an international newspaper there are a few words that will need clarification for intermediate learners.I plan on highlighting five previously unseen words that are crucial for understanding of the text and not possible for their meaning to be deducted from the context. Only after the gist task will I go to elicit the meanings from these words, perhaps using antonyms, connotations or example sentences, as most of the complex lexis in the text are adjectives. Using these type of methods to clarify meaning I will hopefully be able to increase the knowledge of the learners while giving the learners a higher level of detail in their comprehension.For example I would have to clarify the meaning of ‘grim’. In order to do this I explain it was the antonym of happy/cheery, it is usually meant to describe desperate/bleak situations, and show an example sentence such as â€Å"it was a grim situation when the engine stopped†. If the learners were having further problems with the lexis other than the five specific words, I would write some synonyms on the board. This will allow learners to be able to understand the entirety of the text as well as expand their vocabulary.Th e varied comprehension activities that focus on developing different types of reading skills are attached. The first task (Question 1) is the initial gist question, where the learners have to guess the probable title and subtitle of the text. This means the learners will have to read the content of the text quickly to find out what the theme and approximate content of the text. In addition I asked the learners to write the title in the same style as the text is written, therefore meaning the learners have to scan read quickly for what sort of the language the author is using.This is backed up by the familiarity of the type of text and the content, which gives learners a deeper contextual background. Even if the learners are unsuccessful in guessing the title and its form the pair work comparisons and controlled open class feedback will allow learners to be exposed to other learners ideas and language. Then I would move onto the detailed comprehension task. Once the learners have rea d the text once for the gist task they will have to go back and read it after reading the detailed questions (Question 2).The detailed comprehension questions results in learners having to read the text in depth. However the information in the questions are predefined information that directs the learner to the specific part of the text to read in detail. The learners should be able to complete this task individually but if there are any learners struggling I can pair them up with a stronger partner for the learner-to-learner feedback. After that is complete I will get the learners to mark their own answers by using the key.This is often one of the best way for learners to see their own errors and more importantly why the made the error that they did. After this I would bring the class together again in open class feedback and go through any of the harder questions and explain why the learners made the errors they did. Section 3 – Developing productive skills and sub-skills I am aiming to develop the writing skills, in particular the draft writing skills of the learners. The text I have chosen is a model of a film review, so I am going to ask the learners to write their own film review about a film they have seen recently.Therefore the learners know what type of language, register and lexis is needed to write a film review. The learners will need a good level of writing skills because, as Jim Scrivener in Learning Teaching[2] backs up, â€Å"many learners have a specific need to work on writing skills† and â€Å"writing involves a different kind of mental process, there is more time to think, to reflect, to prepare, to rehearse, to make mistakes and find alternative and better solutions†. After finishing the reading task I would get the learners to write down five different opinions they had about their chosen film.This preparation time would allow learners to formulate ideas and more importantly how to convey them, while also allowing the m to collect their ideas together without being under pressure. From the step I would then set a time pressured situation where the learners have to come up with a draft version of their review. The benefit of this they will not focus on grammar and language but on the actual content. In addition the time pressure means the actual draft writing skills of the learners will improve, as under no time pressure the learners could write an accurate film review but not increase their skills.The next stage would be to give the learners an opportunity to self correct their work. In this step they would focus on grammar and language mistakes. If they can recognize their own errors without prompting then this is an improvement in their writing skills, as they would have to know the correct language to identify a mistake. This also makes them aware of the errors they are making themselves so in future they can get it right first time.Depending on the practicality of the classroom layout, I woul d either put the film reviews on the wall and have the learners read each other’s in a gallery type format or have another learner read their review. This means other learners have the opportunity to correct other learner’s work and the errors that were not spotted in the first self-correction will be made obvious to the learners. I would finally finish the class with some open class feedback and delayed error correction. Again this adds to the learners writing skills development, as it is obvious where the learners can improve

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde coursework Essay

In the novel, â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† which was written by Stevenson in 1886, a doctor known as Henry Jekyll is curious to know if it is possible to separate the two sides of human nature, good and evil. In his basement he creates a concoction to try and this is were Mr Hyde is introduced to the story. Jekyll drinks the potion and transforms into Hyde. Hyde is a prime example of pure evil, the complete opposite of Dr Jekyll but later on he is taken over by Hyde and it shows through him wanting to transform again after all of the crimes committed by his dark side. Stevenson’s objective for the novel was to get the reader to realize that nobody is perfect and everybody has a dark side to their personality. The Victorian era started in 1837 and ended in1901. This was how long Queen Victoria ruled for. Society in London was very posh and rich during that era. In the novel Dr Jekyll is one of these rich people. Although London was said to be a civilised place there were actually a few criminals who committed horrific rapes, decapitations and murders. Jack the ripper is one of them. This side of society back then represents Mr Hyde. London back then had dark fogy nights and some rainy nights, identical to the nights described in Jekyll and Hyde. â€Å"nine in the morning, and the first fog of the season†¦ as the cab drew up before the address indicated, the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street.† The setting is choosing Mr Utterson’s path. The setting gives a picture that evil is trying to pick out Utterson’s path, luring him into evil. The â€Å"Fog† gives the audience an airy and tense atmosphere. You feel that anything could happen and that evil is lurking somewhere beyond the fog but it is undetectable. Just like Mr Hyde, whatever will happen next is unpredictable. There is also a sense of suspicion as â€Å"the fog lifted a little and showed him a dingy street.† We wonder why the fog shows him a dingy street which is most likely infested with evil beings and we also wonder if Mr Utterson is wandering into a trap and this intensifies the suspence. Evil masterminds aren’t handsome and this shows when Hyde looks into the mirror for the first time for the audience to see. â€Å"He is not easy to describe. There is something wrong with his appearance, something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sounds like a hideous monster, deformed and gives the woman a feeling of hatred when she sees him. Most villains look discomforting like the ones in movies. Jekyll on the other hand is the complete opposite, handsome and liked by the women in the novel. This shows the difference between the good and evil in the novel and contributes to Stevenson’s objective of getting the reader to see the difference between good and evil. Hyde’s actions are animalistic and he shows a sign of superhuman strength when he beats Carew so rapidly his cane snaps and Carew dies. This emphasizes his anger towards Carew and this unprovoked attack is so brutal, it makes the made at the window faint from shock. â€Å"†¦and at that Mr Hyde broke out of all bounds and clubbed him to the earth. And next moment, with ape-like fury, he was trampling his victim under his foot and hailing down a storm of blows, under which bones were audibly shattered and the body jumped upon the roadway. At the horror of these sights, the maid fainted.† This description shows how relentless Hyde is and he doesn’t hold back his anger and lets loose a barrage of bone shattering blows. It is clear to the audience that he has channelled his anger into his physical strength then unleashes is all on Carew and the fact that Carew is beaten to death further expresses his anger and hatred towards Carew. His actions gives us an insight of what he is physically capable of doing and also makes us wonder if he is a human or a savage beast with intense strength. Back in those times reputation was a key factor to a well known wealthy person’s life and Hyde lives on a dull dingy street whereas Jekyll lives in his humble abode to avoid being found out by Utterson and Enfield. They both are suspicious about Jekyll and want to find him out but they are unsure if they should ruin his reputation, so instead they keep a close eye on him and ask him a few questions. The information they find out they want to keep to themselves because they don’t want to ruin Jekyll’s reputation in case he is innocent. Utterson and his acquaintance Mr Enfield do all they can to identify who Hyde really is. What gets them thinking is when Hyde â€Å"tramples calmly over the little girl† and Utterson wants Hyde to pay à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 compensation and when he does, they realize that it is signed by Dr Henry Jekyll but they both promise never to talk about the case again, so they don’t let it out into the public. Hyde is able to stay hidden from the two lawyers because of the area he lives in. The area is dirty, dingy, smelly and full of the low classed people. This way Hyde can keep a low profile and high status people won’t voyage into this area and spot Hyde. He blends in with all of the citizens there. The women are poor and very savage and referred to as â€Å"Wild harpies† â€Å"And all the time, as we were pitching it in red hot, we were keeping the women off him as best we could, for they were as wild as harpies† This quote emphasizes the violent side to these women. They have unleashed their dark side, just like Hyde was unleashed from Jekyll and when Hyde gets into trouble, a woman laughs and says he deserves it. This lady shows her dark side and no remorse at this comment towards Mr Hyde. This makes you realize that not only Dr Jekyll has an evil side to his personality. This also makes us realise that everyone has an evil side to their personality. Stevenson presents the evil side of human nature in his novel, however he also captures the good side of human nature and this is shown when Henry Jekyll admits to his own guilt. â€Å"The pleasures which I made haste to seek my disguise were, as I have said, undignified; I would scarce use a harder term. But in the hands of Edward Hyde, they soon began to turn towards monstrous†¦ it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty. Jekyll was no worse.† Dr Jekyll is admitting to his mistakes and he reveals to us that Hyde was his disguise. He is taking responsibility for unleashing his dark side which is Hyde and refers to his actions as â€Å"undignified†. This shows that there is a good side to every human and he has displayed this through revealing that Hyde was to blame for all of the crimes committed and that Jekyll (his good side) was no worse. Overall Stevenson has shown us that no human is perfect. Everyone has a darker side to their personality. Good and evil is a regular part of human nature. Stevenson makes us realise that we are all capable of doing bad things but all choose not to for a variety of reasons.

Industrializing Structures for Delivery Essay

The delivery of Health Care is undergoing a change that is formalizing through â€Å"Industrialization† which mirror those that began in other industries a century ago (Rastegar, 2004). The 20th century was an era of immense political shifts and technological developments. It was the revolution that paved the way for the development and flow of new technologies that shape our everyday life. The three elements that could pose problems with Industrializing Structures for delivery of healthcare policies are: Standardization of roles and tasks, Increasing division of labor and the degradation or deskilling of work (McLaughlin & McLaughlin, 2008). The development of standardized protocol driven systems in health care is being forced to break complex tasks performed by individuals down into simple tasks assigned to different members of a team to study, analyze and specify the best ways to do each of those tasks (McLaughlin & McLaughlin, 2008). The outcome was that work progressed from the control and originality of the skilled person to a systematic process that was perhaps more efficient and less personal. Managed care has become a major form of organization for care delivery. The merging of health care industry, the disintegration of physician roles and the increasing numbers of non-physician clinicians will likely accelerate in the delivery of care. The typical physician at the beginning of the 20th century was a general practitioner who treated a broad spectrum of medical problems, but as the century progressed, the work of physicians steadily splintered into narrower disciplines (Rastegar, 2004, pg.1). Specialists focused on particular diseases or organ illnesses which allowed continuity of care. Physicians should be concerned about the disruption of continuity of care and the potential loss of professional values. Other symptoms of industrialization in the health care include increase of division labor and deskilling of work. Usually management includes, line managers who allocate the work and staff specialists whose job is to specify and improve processes. Where the process is well defined and skill requirements can be reduced, labor substitution takes place – routine work is done by less expensive personnel with more limited training and less self-sufficiency and with the pressure of the numbers of patient seen (McLaughlin & McLaughlin, 2008). Medicine has traditionally been the domain of independent physicians who acquired their position and prestige through a long and arduous apprenticeship, much like the skilled craftsman of the turn of the century, but one unintended consequence of this fragmentation might be that the skill and training required to provide medical care in the 21st century will diminish. We may be entering an era in which the broadly trained physician with diverse skills will fade away, much like the traditional craftsman (Rastegar, 2004). References McLaughlin, C., & McLaughlin, C. (2008). Health Policy Analysis. Canada: Rastegar, D. (2004). Healthcare becomes an Industry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1466626/

Justice Scalia's Fundamental Rights Research Paper

Justice Scalia's Fundamental Rights - Research Paper Example Constitution as an instrument to protect the fundamental rights of citizens in America. The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is concerned primarily with the fundamental rights of citizens of the United States. Based on the, 14th Amendment, â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law† (Legal Information Institute). Simply put, the 14th Amendment limits the power of Congress and other federal and state powers to discriminate against individuals. The 14th Amendment is the document of equal protection that outlaws individual rights violations. Since the 1970s, the 14th Amendment has been used as one of the central tools of legal def ense against labor and employment discrimination. However, not everyone agrees that the 14th Amendment is a valid argument against discrimination. When a public figure as popular as Justice Scalia expresses a divergent opinion, it is natural and logical that the public reaction will be immediate. In one of his recent interviews, Justice Scalia expressed an opinion that the 14th Amendment has nothing to do with discrimination and individual rights: according to Scalia, the U.S. Constitution by itself does not outlaw discrimination (Terkel). Rather, the Constitution simply provides the basis and creates a legal context, which allows passing legislation that outlaws different forms of discrimination against individuals (Terkel). Justice Scalia is confident that the Constitution does not prohibit discrimination, and it is within the power of U.S. legislators, not the Constitution, to enact laws that defend the fundamental rights of American citizens. As a result, the Fourteenth Amendmen t can hardly serve a relevant ground for legal protection against sexual and gender discrimination in the workplace or in courts. To some extent, Justice Scalia is correct: the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed with the intent to keep illegal immigrants and aliens from accessing and using the benefits provided by U.S. Government. This is why the 14th Amendment limits the scope of the legal rights protection to citizens or those naturalized in the United States (The 14th Amendment). It was not before the 1970s that the legal meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment was changed to become one of the key instruments and legal arguments against sexual and other types of individual discrimination in the U.S. Even today, the 14th Amendment remains the source of major legal controversies, since there is no explicit statement that could be directly related to the issue of sexual or gender discrimination. However, the role which the Fourteenth Amendment plays in the protecti on of individual rights and the elimination of inequality and discrimination cannot be ignored. Simultaneously, Justice Scalia’s homophobic prejudices are well-known to the American public. It is no wonder that Scalia does not believe the 14th Amendment and its equal protection clause applies to women, gays or lesbians (LaVictoire). In the notorious case of Lawrence v. Texas Justice Scalia claimed

Psychopathology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychopathology - Assignment Example ce characterized by such feelings to a greater degree than seems warranted by the external circumstances, typically with lack of energy and difficulty in maintaining concentration or interest in life.† Mary’s father had an addictive personality, and was an alcoholic. He was very promiscuous and had known relationships with as many as 9 women that Mary knows of. He was given to physical and verbal abuse, which led to Mary’s mother separating from him when Mary was six years old. Mary’s mother also had an addictive personality and was abusive. After her separation, she moved to London, and the stress of providing for the children brought out her abusive side, till Mary left her house at age 17. Mary has younger siblings who she was responsible for after leaving her mother’s house. This includes brothers as well as sisters. Mary was their primary caregiver till they reached adulthood after they left their mother. Mary has felt protective and responsible towards them as she was the oldest. Mary found it difficult to have relationships as she experienced trust issues – possibly stemming from her parents dysfunctional relationship and eventual separation. She eventually met her present husband, a dentist belonging to a middle class background who convinced her that he would be loyal to her and would never leave her. They have now been married for 17 years; but their present relationship is somewhat distant. She has 2 daughters, who she has devoted all her time to. Her relationships with her daughters are not very healthy at the moment, especially since her elder daughter aged 16, found out that she was pregnant. This incidence was the triggering point that started the depressive experiences that Mary has presented with. Mary comes from a small town culture, but moved to London with her mother at an early age. The middle class notions of propriety were what forced her mother to move to London; but Mary seem to identify with them and holds her family to

How does mediation prevent, manage, and resolve international conflict Thesis

How does mediation prevent, manage, and resolve international conflict - Thesis Example to bring peace and security to different nations and diminishing the threats imposed on international security by bridging the gap between conflicting parties through mutual settlement and negotiation. Intractable international disputes have always been there with us and have been posing threats to international peace and security. More than this, they lead to continuous wars, violence and numerous deaths from time to time. International stability is always at stake owing to these conflicts that do not have a solution to them and where none of the disputants are willing to compromise to reach a settlement. It’s very difficult to find a solution to such intractable disputes since they go on for a long period with negotiations almost impossible. However, in such cases, mediation is a tool which can bring down the effect of the escalating disputes and its consequences including violence, war and deaths to a lower count. â€Å"It offers the prospect of escaping the dilemmas of intractability†. (Bercovitch 2004) Mediation is a process in which a third party neutral helps in resolving a dispute between two or more other parties. The role of the mediator is to facilitate and assist the parties in working out what the real issues of dispute are, allowing communication between them and other things that meet the interest of the parties by finding a solution to their dispute. (Honeyman, Yawanarajah, 2003) The paper finds out the different types of mediation; the role played by a mediator in bridging the gap between two parties involved in the dispute; the purpose of mediation in international conflicts; the loopholes that arise due to mediators losing humanitarian values and the ways of enhancing effectiveness of mediation. It has clearly pointed out the nations undergoing intractable disputes in the 70’s and 80’s and the number of deaths arising due to the parties not reaching any settlement. A case study of African civil wars also brings to the fore that

Contemporary Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contemporary Utopia - Essay Example Grube and Reeve (328b) in their description of Plato’s Republic, propose other utopia related ideologies such as abiding peace, strict government structure and high levels social equality. The community under investigation for utopian ideas, in this case, is Los Angeles based Ashram West. Ashram West’s utopian ideologies can be discerned from a wide array of elements, ranging from the community’s name to its practices. For instance, if directly interpreted, the word ashram means a place of religious retreat. Further, Ashram West seeks to provide refuge for gay-identified individuals, offer enlightenment services to the community and bolster spirituality of diverse people. Evidently, this gay spiritual residential area entwines religious, philosophical, administrative and sociological utopian ideologies as discussed further hereunder. Ashram West was conceived in the year 1997 by an individual known as William, and later incorporated as a nonprofit organization (NPO) in the state of California. The establishment is currently situated in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles, and occupies a large apartment with one bedroom. The organization is affiliated to the Southern California Vedanta Society, thus explaining its religious connections to Hinduism and Buddhism linked Tantra teachings. Further, Ashram West is legally sanctioned as a religious establishment, meaning that the community affiliates uphold its religious teachings. The community does not hold any form of prejudice against people from varying races, countries of origin, sexuality and social status, among other distinguishing elements. In regard to membership, Ashram West is always open for new affiliates. Other aspects of interest within this community include mode of leadership or government and social practices. In consideration of leadership and decis ion making, members select an individual to lead them on the basis of

Brand Community of Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand Community of Harley Davidson - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that brand community for Harley Davidson is the Harley Davidson riders. Whenever one thinks of Harley Davidson, the first thing come in the mind is, of course, the bike but alongside they probably may think of an open desert highway with open jacket and boots and an exhaust rumbling that could make a jet engine meek. The bike stands for individuality, freedom, and rebelliousness. And these qualities are reflected on a Harley Davidson rider. The brand community which will form part of the report is Harley Davidson Owners Group. It is a community which was started in 1983, a web-based community. This community is supported financially by Harley Davidson.The club has more than million members around the world. The members of the Harley Davidson owners group tend to be a little different. It has a heritage of the early 1903 and it has been associated with loners and rebels. The motorcycle is referred as personal expression. The Harley Davidson riders are not just buying a machine which is faster, bigger and powerful but they are buying a lifestyle. The bike is all about brotherhood and self-expression, hanging out with friends and traveling easy. Subcultures of consumption are distinct and it is a homogeneous group who are formed for a particular set of consumption or activities. Harley Davidson motorcycle owners form such a group of subculture. Four main phenomena of Harley subculture were presented. Harley owners are stylish and technological advanced in motorcycle equipment and their clothing. They exhibit a subculture of an extraordinary commitment which is usually not unique to a biker’s subculture. One of the heritages of Harley is the grass root innovation. Harley in modern days continues to have an intimate relationship with its riders through its activities in rallies and corporate sponsorships. The clothing of Harley Davidson is regarded as hardcore biker’s style. For example, the black leather ves t with insignias serves as the uniform of the Harley Owners Group. By 2000 HOG has about 60,000 members.

Different construction insurance mechanisms currently utilized by the Essay

Different construction insurance mechanisms currently utilized by the construction industry - Essay Example Material loss may result from the death of an employee, worker's compensation or defects on construction. Construction insurance although in theory is not very different from any other type of insurance, the main difference lies in the enormous risk a construction company is exposed to while undergoing the project, thus, resulting to a higher premium. As a matter of fact, "the market for general liability insurance has taken a disastrous turn over the past two years. Builders and remodelers in every part of the country are experiencing dramatic increases in premiums and big changes in deductibles and exclusions. In some states, coverage may not be available at any price. If a company's insurance is too costly, it can't be competitive." (Miller) This is the reason why several mechanisms are used in the construction industry to minimize the risk or the amount of premiums to be paid. Some mechanisms are provided for by law whereas some evolved from general practice. Several examples of these mechanisms are the Additional-insured endorsements, Owner Insured Risk Programs, reinsurance and the inclusion of a mediation and/or arbitration clause in the insurance contract. One of the mechanisms used, particularly in Oregon, is the "additional-insured endorsements." These endorsements, "which ... An additional-insured endorsement states that in addition to the insured contractor, another party is an additional insured party under the insurance contract, thus giving the additional party the right to make a claim directly on the policy." (Christensen) This simple mechanism ensures that the insurance is available among the various participants in construction projects including owners, general contractors, subcontractors, and sub-subcontractors. This mechanism in effect lowers the overall cost for risk-allocation on the project. Another mechanism is the Owner Controlled Insurance Program or OCIP. In an OCIP, "the owner purchases insurance for other participants in a construction project." (Thelen Reid Brown Raysman & Steiner LLP) An Owner Controlled Insurance Program will cover the owner, the contractor , the subcontractors and sometimes include the design professionals. The coverage is tailored to the needs of the party applying for it but generally it includes general liability (CGL), builder's risk, worker's compensation, design errors and omissions as well as excess and other special coverages. The OCIP process is pretty complicated, contractors and subcontractors need to be cautious when participating in an OCIP project. "They must ensure that the coverage offered by the OCIP is sufficient to replace their existing insurance coverage. They also must be careful that the bid deduct process by which the cost of insurance deducted from their price is properly and timely performed." (Thelen Reid Brown Raysman & Steiner LLP) The OCIP was generally used in large scale constructions, however, it is slowly becoming popular even with small-scale projects especially in condominium and

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians Essay

Are all Americans that Attend Sunday Church Christians - Essay Example Christian critics have debated the role of the Sabbath day and what Christians should do during the day. However, the major area of contention is the activities that man is supposed to be engaged during the day in accordance with the Christian teachings. The creation process according to Alister (1999, p53) occurred at the beginning, where there ‘was a word and the word was God’. This process is described in Genesis, a book contained in the Old Testament written many centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ, from whom Christians follow His teachings. The birth of Jesus Christ whom Christians regard as the son of God and as God himself exemplified the Sabbath day from which modern Christians follow in churches. The idea of Sabbath from the period that God created the world to the time of Jesus ministry has virtually remained unchanged and current Christians emulate the work and teachings of Jesus Christ on the Sabbath day. Many theologians have researched on the relatio nship between work and Sabbath in the Christian teachings. Karl Barth (1979, p40) a seasoned theologian argues that on the Sabbath day, God rested to celebrate his creation. In this regard, all Christians should leave behind their daily activities and join others in fellowship to celebrate God’s creations. ... The New Testament documents many incidents where Jesus observed the Sabbath day in accordance with God’s commandment. In Luke4:16, Jesus is recorded to have gone in the synagogue on the Sabbath day where he taught and read sermons to the congregation. Luke 6: 6 documents an incident when Jesus taught the congregation about a man whose hand was withered. These incidents demonstrate that Jesus celebrated the Sabbath day by engaging in God’s work. He worshipped, taught, and prayed with other believers in addition to performing miracles (Bruce, 2000, p34). Jesus Christ’s actions on the Sabbath day and are compliant with God’s commandment, which requires all believers to observe the day and keep it holy. Many critics have questioned why Jesus Christ performed miracles on the Sabbath day whereas God had forbidden work on that day. However, Jesus work was dedicated to God’s ministry, a practice that modern Christians follow to date. Attending Sunday church services is the continuation of God’s work and the mere action of attending the services qualifies all worshippers to be Christians. However, not all Americans attending the Sunday church service are Christian unless they follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. According to Alister (1999, p63), Christianity is a calling where believers are supposed to accept their failings and dedicate themselves to learn God commands. Accepting their weaknesses involves acknowledging that they are sinners and then seeking for forgiveness. Repentance according to Alister (1999, p 58) brings ‘change’ to a person by adopting a lifestyle that is compliant with God’s teachings. In addition, the repentant Christian should undergo baptism.

Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nanotechnology Applications in Medicine - Essay Example Atiyeh states â€Å"silver is a viable treatment option for burns and open wounds† (Atiyeh 139). The technology of nano medicines has blessed the human mankind with some exhilarating aptitudes and possibilities. Nanomedicines have made it possible to transform various techniques that were previously in the stage of imagination and testing to their actual usage in the present era. The technology involving utilization of nanoparticles in medication is at present under augmentation. However, long term prospects of research in this field suggest that the nano-robots can be used to make adjustments at cellular level in the human body. The advantages of nanotechnology in the discipline of medicine could refashion the fate of medicine by apprehending and medicating the human body in any kind of ailments related to various diseases. The bright future of nanotechnology also advocates that those techniques that were imagined a few years before are now making fortunate progress towards r ealism. Application of Nanomedicine in Drug Delivery One remarkable appositeness of nanotechnology in the field of medicine is the employment of nanoparticles to convey medicines, heat, light and various other type of materials to the disease causing cells for example cancer cells. These nanoparticles are manipulated in a way that they are lured towards diseased cells and then directly treat these cells. By this technique injuries to the healthy cells are reduced and disease is encountered much earlier as compared to other techniques. Nanoparticles that are involved in the allocation of chemotherapy drugs to the cancer cells are under the process of advancement. The consummation of Phase 1 Clinical Trial of the directly targeted chemotherapy annihilator drugs are communicated by some organizations like CytImmune and BIND Biosciences (Torchilin, 282). Although the tests are in progress but their approval for the ultimately final administration on cancer sufferers is still imminent. T he utilization of heat along with chemotherapy medicines to the cancerous cell is another alternate form of nanomedicine that is used to treat cancer patients. The remarkable technique involves usage of gold nanorods to which DNA strands are adhered. These DNA fibers serve as platform and grasp collectively together the gold nanorod along with the chemotherapy medicines. When the cancerous cells are irradiated with infrared light, these rods suck up the infrared light and convert it into heat energy. The warm temperature helps to liberate the drug and obliterate the cancer cells. Research is also being executed to develop a nanoparticle that is able to skirmish viruses. The nanoparticle does not itself consist of the ability to devastate viruses but it clement an enzyme that diable the reproductive mechanism of viruses in the patient’s body. Another investigation is being done on nanoparticles that can treat neurological disorders by releasing medicines through the brain barr ier. Increasing immune reactions by combining the vaccine particles to DNA nanoparticles is another practice on which explorations are going on. These special vaccine molecules mark the white blood cells directly and enhance their immune response many folds. Nanomedicine Application in Therapy Techniques The nanoparticles made up of polyethylene glycol-hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCC) have the ability to absorb free radicals at an elevated speed than the original free radicals

Intro to Greek Mythology Influence Essay Example for Free

Intro to Greek Mythology Influence Essay Introduction: In order to understand the impact of Greek mythology on Western culture one must understand what Greek mythology itself is. Greek Mythology is the belief, tales, and stories of ancient gods who ruled the ancient world as well as heroes who challenged the gods or some who fought for them. Many of these tales include moral stories and shaped humanistic values of what and what not to do. The ancient Greece Empire was located around the Mediterranean Sea and touched parts of what was called minor Asia (Howstuffwork 2010). In these times the belief was that ancient gods were a part of everyday life. Supposedly the gods rules all aspect of life such as the production of food, domestic life, war and social life such as fortune and love. The people mad sacrifices to these gods to â€Å"please† them and many died fighting for these gods, which no one actually saw because of their home on Mount Olympus. Greek mythology was more than just stories to these people it was actually a religion, which formed and shaped political nature of Ancient Greece as well. Greek mythology attempts to explain the origins of the world and the reasons for occurrences in the world. The time period of when Greek mythology began is not really confirmed it is estimated around 800 BC, but there have been accounts of earlier pottery and artifacts which show images of the gods. These mythical stories have stood against the sands of time and even today are used in modern language and societies. Howstuffworks Ancient Greece. (n.d.). HowStuffWorks Learn How Everything Works!. Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.howstuffworks.com/ancient-greece.htm/printable

Sociological Imagination Essay

Sociological Imagination Essay INTRODUCTION Definition of sociological imagination Sociological theories describe causes and effects of human behavior; study the social life, and society. Above definition displays two concepts: human being at the micro level and society at the macro level. Sociological imagination is a sociological theory that encapsulates these two concepts: individual, and society (What is Sciology). An individual is an element of society. The society acts forces on this element. Sociological imagination enables the individual to identify these forces, their impacts. Sociological imagination is the ability of connecting micro level to the macro level, and distinguishing personal troubles and social issues. Importance of sociological imagination External act of an individual displays what one does, which is the result of cause and effect. The cause aspect defines why one acts in a specific way. Individual act also displays the structural arrangement of a society at a location and a historical point of civilization. Individual act, history, and location are intertwined. Sociological imagination demonstrates how an individual perceives the social forces, as well as the cause and effect relationship of an individual or group of individuals with social issues or social forces. This is why we should care for sociological imagination. Examples In India, many centuries ago, widow women used to commit ritualistic suicide by being burnt alive along with the dead husband. The act of widow women was the result of social forces that existed during that time in India (Deducing with sociological imagination). In John Grishams novel A Time to Kill, the African American Carl Lee Hailey kills two white men who raped and killed his little daughter Tonya. Acts of the white men and Carl Lee Hailey were the result of social forces that existed in social groups in the USA at that time. The social force in this case was racism. Two white men raped and killed Tonya because she was black. Carl Lee killed the white rapists because he knew justice would not prevail for white men (A time to kill 2008). Thesis statement When I analyze my own life through sociological imagination, I am able to explain my acts and social forces behind them. If I can distinguish, good and bad acts using wisdom then I can change my behavior and worldview. Conflict theory envisioned a society as fragmented into groups. More powerful social groups exert forces on less powerful groups. Social imagination discloses the characteristics of social forces when and only when individuals interact with these forces. SOCIAL CONTEXT Definition of social context In a net shell, sociological imagination is an interaction between an individual and social forces. This abstraction points towards the concept of existence of correlation between psychology and sociology. Social context theory reveals this relationship and show societal and social changes over the passage of time, explains the causes that brought changes and offers future change patterns. The model includes three factors: micro socialization process through the behavior of individual and collective of individuals, macro social forces through the social structure, and time (Social context theory). Social context theory is analyzed through social environment dimension and time dimension. Social environment dimension consists of social structures that shape the behavior of individual or group of individuals, social process demonstrates how individuals perceive, interpret and interact with the social structures, and social behavior represents the social realities through behavior of ind ividuals. Time dimension enacts the power of the existing societal forces in maintaining social behavior patters (Social context theory). Social imagination acknowledges the existence of interaction between individual or group of individuals and social forces. Social context theory explains how and why the relationship emerged and what changes the relationship could bring over the passage of time. Specific socio-historical force 1 I lived in Russian part of the Ex-Soviet Union. During mid 1980s, countrys economic conditions started deteriorating. By late 1980s absence of adequate commodities started hurting public. Bad economy as a social structure shaped individuals behaviors with the concept that Russian Federation was feeding the parasites, non-Russians, so Russians must abandon them, the non-Russians. When social structure (bad economy) and social process (individuals interaction) came into conflict, it resulted the break up of the country. Specific socio-historical force 2 I was born and raised in Palestine. Social structure was poor economy, poor living conditions, fundamental religious belief, and constant aggression from Israel. Social process was my perception about Israel and their politics towards Palestine. Poverty, religion, and bad living environment shaped my behavior. My perception was to change living environment, which I found in cooperation with Israel. I voted for peace roadmap with Israel. How your social context could be different Imagine I am living in the USA during the period of segregation. I am an African American. The social structure created by European whites suppressed my rights; I cannot get proper education, proper job, and even a decent place to live. Now, guess I live in the USA when the country has a president who is an African American. It took a long time to make this change, however, now I have equal rights as whites. SOCIAL LOCATION Definition of social location The concept social imagination assigns two attributes: an individual or group of individuals and social forces. Social imagination defines the interaction of an individual or group of individuals with social forces. At the same time, the individual is a character located at a certain place in the society. In American society, white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, male, heterosexual, upper middle-class, educated, older defines social location of a person (Social location). Social location defines a persons place in their particular social order. A persons bias, belief, and values are shaped based on social locations. Gender, color, economic level, coming from the village or town, healthy or sick, young or old; these are some of attributes of social location. Individuals from similar social location create their own social hierarchy. Social hierarchy classifies individuals in a group based on esteem, prestige, economic success, and accumulation of wealth into social classes. Description of social location I am from India, a country with 1.22 billion populations. I am male, less than 25, from town, literate, which respectively corresponds to 50 %, 51 %, 75 %, and 28 % of the total population. From the economic standpoint, 18 % constitutes rich and upper middle class, 23 % constitute middle class, and 59 % of the total population are poor. I belong to the 18 % social class (Indias middle class population 2011; Indias population 2012). Personal experience #1 My childhood social location should be classified than middle class. I faced absence of money in fulfilling a childs desire of purchasing toys. Personal experience #2 Teenage years were financially little better, but my parents still were unable to pay tuition for schools with better teachers, and technology. I studied in schools for children from underprivileged families. Personal experience #3 In college years, I became interested in Marxism and concept of conflict theory. Years of impoverished economic conditions contributed social imagination that rich and upper middle class are greedy and want to keep the middle class economically handcuffed forever. RELATIVE CULTURE Personal beliefs, values, or attitudes #1 Edward Taylor defined culture as a complex of behavior pattern and perception which includes knowledge, beliefs, morals, customs, ethics and any other skill and habits acquired by man as a member of society (What is culture?). At the same time, belief, customs, and ethics are relative to individual within his own social context. This is how anthropologist explains comparative culture concept (What is culture relativism?). Sociological imagination is interaction between individual or group of individuals acts and social forces. Individual act is a function of social process; hence, it characterizes consciousness of individuals. Perception, on the other hand, is a function of relative culture. Belief, morals, ethics form the foundation of human perception and its value varies from one social context to other. Social imagination relates to the culture. Personal beliefs, values, or attitudes #2 My social location is poor class in India. Belief, morals, customs relate to orthodox Hindu religion. This culture determines my social context. Hindu religion believes cows are sacred animals. On the other hand, Muslims of the society sacrifice cows in the name of their religion. Social imagination is to make protest to this practice and stop sacrificing cows in the name of religion. Personal beliefs, values, or attitudes #3 I am a Palestinian youth, spend the life in the ghetto in poverty; this is my social location. Belief, morals, customs and ethics relate to fundamental Muslim culture. Social context is formed by the fundamental culture. I perceive that Israel is the cause of my personal problems. Social imagination is to change Israeli attitude toward Palestinians. That is way; I am a member of Hamaz political party. Personal beliefs, values, or attitudes # 4 Social location rich, male, middle aged, an Arab, and an owner of an industry that feeds 300 families. I believe my financial position is vital for the well being of employees. However, due to the economic downturn, the plant has stopped several employee support activities and has reduced salary by 15 %. Employees are blaming me for their personal financial problems. Employees are also blaming that the owner has not reduced own expenses. Employees have taken vows to fight me back. My social imagination is to suppress these new social forces with the help of countrys law enforcement agency. CONCLUSION Sociological imagination to a certain extent accepts Marxs conflict theory and agrees that society is divided into fragmented classes with respective social, political and economic power. Conflict arises when a class or group feels social forces from other classes. Social imagination theory recognizes that social behavior is a result of social culture.

Human Rights and Prisoner Rights

Human Rights and Prisoner Rights Abdullah Bin Omar, a former prisoner in Guantanamo Bay prison was said to be one of the worst criminals regarding terrorism. Bin Omar was captured by the United States army in Pakistan after he had spent twenty three years in an unknown prison in Tunisia. The unfairness that Abdullah faced was the fact that he wasnt told nor convicted of any real or specific crime. Cliff Stafford Smith, who is a legal director of Reprieve, a UK charity that provides front -line investigation and legal representation to prisoners found out that Bin Omar was captured with no charges and no trial was made for him. Smith said there are many other Guantanamo prisoners facing Bin Omars fate, much as they want to get out of Guantanamo- a purgatory of imprisonment without charge or trail (Smith, 2007). Another example of such unfairness is Eddie/Canada. Eddie was convicted of murder and was set to stay in prison for the rest of his life. Moreover, Eddie was totally aware of the prisons procedures and knew hi s limits during his time over there. Although Eddie killed himself on August 10th, evidence proved that the ignorance of the prison system by those who made and worked on the prisons rules, not mentioning the carelessness of the guards regarding their prisoners were pretty much the main reasons for Eddies suicide. These two examples illustrate and introduce my topic of prisoners rights, which can be supported by article number five in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states: No one shall be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment(Universal declaration of human rights, 1948). The main topic of this research paper is relying solely on prisoners rights and the declaration of their humanity. Because prisoners are still considered as humans, yet they are being tortured and neglected, prisoners should demand for their rights as human beings. In this research paper, I will be discussing: The prisoners environment. Prisoners image from the societys point of view. What the society has done for prisoners. Prisoners environment: General abuse: Life in prison can be seen from multiple views. First of all, the purpose of creating prisons is nothing but to punish certain people who have been claimed to be criminals. Also, the general idea is to treat prisoners equally within the prison walls and help providing them with whatever they require to maintain their lives as human beings. However, not all prisons share or at least work with such an idea. Richard Tewksbury and Margaret J Mahoney, Criminal Justice academics said: As criminal justice academics and practitioners, we know that this sunny look at incarceration is rarely the actual experience of an offender. Although their frequency may be sensationalized by the media, the numerous hardships of prison and jail life (e.g., rape, gangs, drugs, abuse) do exist. They also mentioned that such abuses are found among the inmates and also among the inmates and the staff; guards, officers and etc Despite the help authorities as well as governments provide for prisoners to speak out their abuses, many inmates are still not able to do so, due to the fear from the doer; weather another inmate or a staff member. Furthermore, not all claims of abuses by prisoners are true, since many inmates have attempted to make false claims against other inmates or their own staff in the purpose of creating troubles. Sexual abuse and lack of educational background: To be more precise, inmates all over the world suffer from sexual abuses by both other inmates as well as the staff. In an article regarding sexual victimization in prisons, Richard Tewksbury states that many rape or sexual abuse incidents among inmates are still unknown and are being under-reported. Also, lots of these abuses occur between prisoners because of the lower level of education they receive either before getting to prison or inside the prison itself. In other words, many prisoners who lack of educational background reflect their behavior toward each other and the other inmates as well. Hilde Hetland explains in his article; Educational Background in a prison population the rates of inmates level of education as follows: 14.2 percent of state prisoners have an eighth grade education or less as their highest educational attainment 33.2 percent have completed high school. Only 2.4 percent of state prisoners have reached a college degree. When observing such rates, we can clearly sense the lack of educational background inmates have acquired, and therefore, such a low level of education reflects negatively on their behavior resulting in all kinds of abusing, but most especially, sexual abuses. Prisoners and Sadist guards: A lot of inmates experience different kinds of abuses from sadist guards who use their powers to treat their inmates in an inhuman manner. Theodore Dalrymple, a British psychiatrist and a prison doctor shows in his article The Evils of Ideology how sadist guards take an advantage of their powers towards abusing their prisoners. I have little doubt that he would have kicked him hard and often in short, given him what used to be called in prison warders parlance the black aspirin, which is to say the prison warders boot if I had turned my back for an instant. (Theodore Dalrymple, 2006). Such an act is one of many sadist guards use against inmates and few of these incidents are being reported due to the fear of the guards threats and warnings. Theodore puts the blame on the government, the one that agreed to hire people with such mental illness to be as guards for inmates whom after all are human beings and have their own rights to claim. Discrimination among prisoners: In the 1980s, the United States of America has suffered severe economical crisis in which it has reflected negatively not only on the society but prisoners as well. According to Bert Kimball in his book States of Siege : U. S. Prison Riots, 1971-1986, due to the lack of liquidity, the government was unable to provide enough spaces for all prisoners, therefore, every 119 prisoners were to share a space that fit for only 100 prisoners. As a result of such action, cruel discrimination appeared among prisoners and their guards. For example, a Muslim prisoner received less rights or services than a Christian one. Also, a massive discrimination occurred between blacks and whites which was caused by the guards different treatment for each race. Other than discrimination, the Eighth Amendment that stated the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment was violated due to the lack of organization among the guards. Prisoners image from the societys point of view: Prisoners main definition is that they are certain people who have been claimed to be involved in an illegal or a criminalized act against the society. Such a definition does leave an impact on how the society perceives prisoners as humans with rights to claim for. According to Deborah Cheney; the Howard Journal of Criminal Justice: certain serving prisoners have the right to vote as any other citizen, based on criteria such as sentence length and offence seriousness. We can observe from this quote that not all prisoners have the right to vote, and therefore, not all prisoners deserve to be given such right due to the level of crime they have caused to the society. As human beings, societies are not capable to fully sympathize with individuals who have been convicted of doing harmful or filthy acts towards the society they live in. therefore, not all prisoners can be treated the same or in an equal manner. For example, a society can emotionally forgive a man who robbed a bank or a ma n who didnt pay his taxes, but the very same society is not emotionally capable of fully forgiving a man who has been convicted of raping a 12 years old girl. In other words, the society still perceives some of the prisoners as a lower class of citizens and they simply cant be forgiven no matter how much they pay for in prison time. According to the Lance, worlds leading general medical journal, the Japanese government has allowed the execution of prisoners with mental illnesses. Regardless of their rights as human beings, such prisoners are being terminated with no questions asked. In addition, the evaluation of a prisoner weather he/she is suffering from mental illness is questionable as well. Therefore, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) has announced a public argument regarding this issue, hoping that the Japanese government would listen to the other side of the story and might provide some actual rights for such prisoners. Another point to talk about is how the society perceiv es prisoners as an active part that is capable of establishing as well as improving the world in order to make it a better place. As mentioned before in this research, there is a significantly low level of education among prisoners in general. This low level of education reflects negatively on the prisoners image towards their society for their abilities to improve things around. After all, prisoners remain humans with enough mental and physical abilities that can help any society to improve its standard of living. What the society has done for prisoners: New Rights for Prisoners: In response to the prisoners demands for providing them with enough rights that could serve them as human beings, Robert Spencer. Human Events, in article called, Democrats Are Giving Rights to Jihadists, a list of human rights have been provided by the US government to inmates who have been accused to distribute terror among a certain society. Some of these rights can be summarized as follows: Jihadists have the right to have a decent or a respectable lawyer who can defend them and also stop any insults that may appear against them. Jihadists will have the right to eat a decent food that can serve their body and continue their survival Jihadists will have the chance to own a Quran; the Islamic religious book, in their serving period. Jihadists will not experience psychological torture as a strategy of investigation due to its cruel nature that shall not be applied to mankind. Finally, Jihadists will have the opportunity to have phone calls in which they can communicate with their loved once and comfort them. Such rights to be given to prisoners, regardless of whatever it is they have been accused of, create an understanding society that has the ability to forgive as well as the ability to understand why a person has ended up in prison. Supreme Court decisions affecting prisoners rights: Another act in relation to prisoners rights is mentioned in an article called, Prisoners Rights and the Rehnquist Court Era, written by Christopher E Smith., a journalist. The Supreme Court states that prisoners shall be able to maintain their rights as humans and also have the right to fight for their humanity. The Supreme Court also points out the corrections that should be made to lower court decisions regarding the expansion of prisoners rights as human beings with complete protection that will maintain their survival while serving their time in prison. Improve the education level among existing prisoners: In regards to the lower educational level among prisoners, the very same article that discusses this issue; Educational Background in a prison population, provides the following procedures: Education is a central part of the rehabilitation of prison inmates; therefore, Thirty- four of the 47 prisons offer education and training. Increased the number of available school places for prison inmates in recent years. Adopting administrative cooperation model, where the prisons are formally linked to the ordinary public services available outside the prison, such public services provide prisoners with the professional and financial responsibility for education as well as training in the correctional services. A questionnaire to the inmates contained questions about age, gender, citizenship, country of childhood and teenage years to build up a status of the prisoners recent updates as well as their improvement during their serving time. Arguments against capital punishment: Carol S Steiker, a journalist says in her article, Capital Punishment: A Century of Discontinuous Debate: The most powerful new argument in the death penalty debate one that simply did not exist in any sustained form prior to the modern era of capital punishment in the United States (post- 1976) emphasizes the greater cost of capital punishment compared to the alternative of long-term (even lifetime) imprisonment. The argument has become so ubiquitous in contemporary debates about the death penalty that it is hard to imagine that it was virtually non-existent until a few decades ago. Indeed, in one generation, the cost argument has become perhaps the greatest threat to the continued robust use of capital punishment in the United States. This section will examine how and why the cost argument emerged over the past few decades as well as the reasons for its virtual absence in death penalty discourse during the first centuries of capital practice in this country. Many of our societys members have found out that capital punishment is nothing but a cruel act that the government uses to justify the crimes connected to a prisoner. Moreover, the death penalty has become a major argumentative subject in which it is neither known nor certain the measurement of a persons act that makes him/her deserve such punishment. Also, as Carol states in the article, The inability of our capital system to provide meaningful redress for victims families, pretty much explains the fact that there is a failure in our system regarding the issue of a prisoner being sentenced to death penalty. Therefore, serious actions have been made in order to pay more effort as well as more focus on this type of punishment and always reconsider other solutions such as; Life Time imprisonment instead of just sending someone to his/her death. In conclusion, I have talked about the prisoners environment and how prisoners react to it. I also talked about the general idea about prisoners from the societys perspective and how such an idea impacts prisoners from claiming their rights. Finally I have discussed what the society has done for prisoners in regards to their claims to be treated as human beings regardless of their criminal acts. In Abdullah Bin Omars case as discussed earlier in the introduction of this paper, serious procedures have been in order to provide actual human rights, not only for him especially, but also for all Guantanamo as well as all prisoners who suffer the injustice by those who made justice for them, such procedures were discussed in details under New rights for prisoners in this research. In general, any man who has been convicted with any crime; an act that results in harming the society or the surroundings of this person shall be punished so he will know the consequences of his acts and so he wi ll become an example for those who do the same action or attempt to do so. At the same time, it is ultimately important to pay extra attention on the validity of such convictions, the type of punishment that would be determined and finally how to reserve the prisoners right as a human being. After all, we are all humans who are subject to make mistakes, and as a religious person, I believe that its only GOD who has the final say in a mans act and only he can punish this man or forgive him for his mistakes.

Badrs A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and Al-Atrashs A Woman of Five Seasons :: Badr Fakihani Faqir Pillars Five Seasons Essays

Badr's A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and Al-Atrash's A Woman of Five Seasons Struggles for independence from foreign conquerors, civil tyrants, and the hands of the oppressive have long been the backdrop for life in the Arab World. This struggle is compounded for Arab women, who have the added worries of societal and cultural constraints. The 20th century was a notably gory one, particularly in the Middle East. There have been numerous, almost continuous aggressive confrontations in the region since the dawn of the 20th century, beginning with Ibn Saud?s campaign against the Ottoman Empire (Diller 384) and concluding with the suicide bombings of contemporary daily news. Typically, the actors of this violence have been predominantly men, yet such far reaching, and pervading circumstances of violence have inevitably had an impact on the daily lives and consciousness of countless generations of Arab women. This impact has also saturated the minds of many Arab women writers, and the depth of this effect comes across very well in the works of Liyana Badr, Leila Al -Atrash, and Fadia Faqir. The political and historical contexts of each novel are extremely telling. This ever-present aggressive backdrop influences settings and personal storylines of characters in Badr?s A Balcony over the Fakihani, Faqir?s Pillars of Salt, and Al-Atrash?s A Woman of Five Seasons overwhelmingly. Pillars of Salt, which is set in the early 20s in Jordan, has the earliest setting of all three novels and happens to be one of the more violent. In 1920, Transjordan was p! laced under British mandate. The British left in May of 1923, and then Emir Abdullah attempted to appease and unite various Bedouin groups and form a unit of men able to protect the land from invaders (Diller 261). It is with this historical context that we happen upon the story of Maha and her struggle for survival and independence. The novel begins with the storyteller?s muddy mixture of fact and fable. The storyteller recounts his first encounter with the English, and describes the way ?their cars exhaled black smoke into the clear blue sky? (Faqir 3). The storyteller is somewhat removed from the political context because he is ?half-Arab? (Faqir 3), yet it is still evident that there is some ill feeling towards the English. Later on, we are presented with another political opinion of the storyteller. He describes the story of the Balfour Declaration, and portrays it in a very negative manner, calling i! t the result of Lord Balfour?

Violence in the School Systems Essay -- Violence Education Crime Essay

Violence within this country has been an ongoing problem throughout history. Due to all the media coverage of more recent violent events in school history, such as Columbine, it is of popular belief that violence in school systems is the worst it has ever been. There are many questions about what type of violence occurs most often, what gender and what ethnicity violence is most affecting in schools. Violence can be defined by any deliberate act, serving no legitimate purpose, which causes injury or which could reasonably be expected to cause injury to another person. To be considered reportable, the conduct should be either intentional or reckless in nature. (Basic Education Circular on Safe Schools, 1996) School violence can also be defined as any school related activity that produces a victim. The first table was a chart that was drawn up in conclusion to a survey that was conducted in 1999. It was asking children in grades 9-12 different question about feeling threatened and carrying or seeing weapons in school. The chart was broken down into different grades, along with various ethnicities, and gender. (www.nces.ed.gov/crime2001/tables) Out of all the questions asked in the survey, the highest positive response to a question of illegal drugs on school property. An average of 30.2% of the children responded that they had been offered, sold or given illegal drugs at school. Leading the category was Hispanic males with 36.9% of them having engaged in some form of drug distribution or some one offering them drugs. The next question with a high response was if these children have ever engaged in a physical fight on school property. A total of 14.2% answered yes to the question. In the same category Hispanic ... ... help the students set goals and come to appreciate the relationship between responsible good behavior and achieving goals. In this program they will earn privileges for good attendance, work accomplishments and goal achievements. This program will be evaluated to determine if similar programs are to be set up in the future throughout the state. (www.msde.state.md.us/juvenilejustice alt.html) Although violence in the United States is a problem that needs a lot of attention, the amount of episodes is and hopefully will remain declining over the years. Teachers, parents and peers all have an impact on each and every child that goes through school systems. As long as they keep teaching violence prevention programs, the numbers will keep dropping. Although this problem will never fully go away, the percentage of violence in schools will be constantly dropping.

Battle of Tippecanoe Essay -- Military History

The Battle of Tippecanoe Introduction The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought during the early morning hours of November 7, 1811, on a tree-covered knoll just outside of modern day Prophetstown, Indiana. American forces, under the command of William Henry Harrison, were attacked by a band of Indian tribes unified by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. A relatively minor battle, in comparison to others remembered in American History, this small battle proved to play a significant role in the shaping of the newly formed country. Debatable among historians regarding the constructive effects of the battle against its negative repercussions , its importance is unmistakable. Ultimately, the results of this day would bring to an end any prospect for a United Indian Confederation, and never again would the Native Americans be able to effectively challenge American expansion. History William Henry Harrison, later to become the ninth President of the United States, was a military officer born to a political family. Joining the military at a young age he rose in its ranks under the tutelage of General â€Å"Mad† Anthony Wayne where he served as a lieutenant and Aide-de-Camp during the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The winning of this battle paved the way for the â€Å"peace† signing of the Greenville Treaty. This single treaty ceded most of present day Ohio and pushed many Algonquians from their tribal lands. In less than 15 years time, by Harrison’s efforts, 48 million acres of Native American lands would be lost by cessation. Appointed as Superintendent of the North West Indians and Indiana Territory Governor he was undoubtedly the single most powerful white in the West. Harrison, having higher ambitions then frontier... ... forces to take advantage of situation to shape the battle in his favor. Daring and willing to take calculated risks he was able to effectively negate all of the varying tactics the Indians attempted to employ at him to achieve his victory. References Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1969. Eckert, Alan W. A Sorrow in our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh. Broadway, NY: Bantam Books, 1992. Eckert, Alan W. That Dark and Bloody River: Chronicles of the Ohio River Valley. Broadway, NY: Bantam Books, 1995. Jortner, Adam Joseph. The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012. The Complete History of U.S. Wars: Manifest Destiny Wars, Ambrose Video 2004

Career Paper : Accountant

Accountant Career Project: Report Business 101 ? Career Overview Accountants carry the primary responsibility for bookkeeping services such as payroll, bank reconciliations, general ledger posting, along with managing financial statement compilations and oversee efficient use of funds and related tasks. Correspondingly, they provide some Human Resource functions such as Employee Handbook compilation, and benefits management. Another responsibility of accountant’s is taxes: personal, corporate, estate, payroll, sales tax, and business property taxes.Educational Requirements For entry-level positions in Accounting, employers usually require a minimum of an Associate Degree in Accounting. Many larger businesses or corporations require applicants to have graduated from a Bachelor's or Master's Degree program in Accounting or Taxation (Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, 2012). There is NO requirement for Accountants to get certified as a Certified Public Accoun tant CPA or a Certified Management Accountant CMA, but if they do they usually get an increase in pay and more responsibilities.There are certain skills Accountants need to make their day run smooth; all of these skills aren’t necessarily taught. For example, Accountants need analytical skills to analyze certain discrepancies on a balance sheet or income statements. Most Accountants are detail oriented, and also have the ability to compile a lot of information and then interpret the meaning. Most of the work will be performed on a computer so Accountants need computer and software skills. Obviously, good math skills are another skill that an Accountant will have to utilize daily.Furthermore, Accountants will need excellent communication skills both verbal and written, and one can never forget lots of patience (Richardson, 2009). Career Path The typical career path for accountants goes as follows bookkeeper, Accountant, CPA and CMA (if one chooses to go that far). Like I have stated before, if one wants to go into Accounting, they do not need their CPA or CMA, Accounting Firms are more than happy to hire Accountants with just a four year degree in Accounting. If one chooses, Accounting has two opportunities for advancement which received CPA or CMA certificate.The difference between a CPA and a CMA is that a CPA is licensed by the state of his/her residence to provide accounting services to the public, ranging from auditing, tax, litigation support, and other financial advisory services. A CMA mostly provides his/her services directly to his/her employers rather than the public. There is no extra or special training to become a CPA or CMA but there are vigorous tests for each CPA and CMA. With either of these certifications becomes more responsibilities.With the title of CPA, accountants are qualified to do a higher level of accounting services. For CMA, accountants can be mangers of companies or possibly run their own company if they choose. Industry an d Target Companies Accountants can work for almost every company! From Taco Bell to Waste Companies. If working for somebody else isn’t your style, some accountants are self-employed and have their own accounting business. Cecilia Capuzzi Simon with The New York Times writes an article â€Å"Top 10 List: Where the Jobs Are†, describing the job curve and its projections for the year to 2018.According to Simons the Top 10 list look like this : Biomedical Engineer, Network Systems and Data Communications Analyst, Home Health Aide, Personal and Home Care aide, Financial Examiner, Medical Scientist, Physician Assistant, Skin Care Specialist, Biochemist and Biophysicist, and last but not least Athletic Trainer. If you didn’t notice, eight of the fields in the top 10 categories are health care or wellness related. Those eight health care or wellness related careers need accountants to keep track of their financial matters. And that’s where I come in handy (Simon , 2011).Salary/Earnings Data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the salary range for Accounting & Finance begins around $36,780 and usually tops out around $102,380, with a mean in the neighborhood of $69,580. The national salary average for Accounting & Finance is $43,460, data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Along with excellent benefits such as paid vacation and sick leave, health insurance, profit sharing, and retirement plans (Careerexplore. net). Employment Outlook As of 2008, accountants and auditors occupied some 1. 3 million jobs. Out of these 1. million, 24% of these accountants and auditors were employed at â€Å"accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services firms. † Additionally, eight percent were self-employed, and 68% worked for other entities such as government, corporations, and small businesses. – Data provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, It is estimated that during the 2008-2018 period, about 279,000 new a ccounting jobs will be created – an increase of 22% (Bhavsar, 2011). Learning’s & Reflection Accounting has been a career field I have been debating on going into for at least two years.After having a math class every semester of my schooling I have noticed I truly enjoy doing math homework and I am decently good at it. As there is to all career fields, Accounting has its ups and downs. I like the challenge of a difficult problem, but the idea of sitting behind a desk from 8 to 4, and doing almost the same thing everyday day doesn’t appeal to me. To help me get a better understanding of the Accounting Career I participated in two events. First, I enrolled in BUS 297, which is the VITA program, where I actually prepare peoples taxes every Saturday.Truthfully I don’t mind doing their taxes, its making the small that makes me kind of uncomfortable. I’ve probably done at least 25-30 tax returns; learning a little about taxes and such but there is also so much more I don’t know. Secondly, I went to the UWMC’s Business Club meeting where Thomas Krieg from WipFli Audit Accounting Firm was the guest speaker. Krieg got an Associate’s Degree in Accounting from UWMC, then moved onto UW Madison where he got a Bachelor’s in Accounting, and is now one of the youngest Partners at WipFli’s (Krieg, 2013).Both of these events were very beneficial because I now know so much more of the everyday Accountant life. I am very happy that I dug deeper into Accounting, but unfortunately I do not think I am interested in it as a career any more. Although I may be good at math and taxes, I don’t think Accounting is the correct career for me. ? Work Cited Bhavsar, D. (2011, January 11). Accounting degree job outlook. Retrieved from http://degreecentral. com/accounting-degree-job-outlook/ Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System (2012). Cake decorator: Education path. Retrieved from http://wiscareers. isc. edu/C_CVstuff/occinfo. asp? Area=edu Krieg Thomas, Partner, CPA †¢ Wipfli LLP. (2013, February 26). Interview by UW Marathon County Business Club [Personal Interview]. Business Club/ Accounting Speaker, Located in CCE Building. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. careerexplorer. net/accounting-finance Richardson, M. ( 2009, April 10). voices. yahoo. com. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/skills-qualifications-needed-accountant-2987159. html Simon, C. (2011). Top 10 list-where jobs are. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2011/04/17/education/edlife/edl

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge Essay

To What End? is the last chapter of Edward O. Wilsons book, Consilience The Unity of K straightwayledge, one of the near skillful, and sharp scientists of which he wanted a join unitedly of the un the like sciences much(prenominal) as the inseparable sciences, the friendly sciences and the servicemanities. This chapter tensenessed primarily on social and purlieual problems. The picture of the global environment as come up as the discussions on global warming, environmental ethics and completely overpopulation ar being emphasized.The limitations of republic suitable for cultivation, the de forestation and the clean pee as well as the upsurge extinctions of plants and savages present an enormous problem in the whole world today. Something essential put up been done of which the world preservation is the focus for further merciful development and ethnical consciousness. There is a great mixture in the animated world. In coiffure to live successfully, an organis m moldiness(prenominal)iness buy the farm into its surroundings. There ar still close to countries or is shoots, such as Galapagos Island, that argon rich as far as biodiversity is concerned.Biodiversity is an important characteristic of ecosystems that is associated to the number of different species they contain. It is the wealth of all life-forms on ground today that is the product of billions of years of evolutionary history. Biodiversity is often associated with tropical rain forests. though tropical rain forests account for besides 7 percent of the total land atomic number 18a of the world, it harbors much than than half of the 1. 7 million species of aliment things documented worldwide. What happened to them?many of them depict their home in the forests. However, staring(a) tropical rain forests ar close vanished, transformed into agricultural lands, and sooner or later abandoned as thriftlessness or utilize as residential aras. However, current levels of bi odiversity are threatened by what scientists withdraw as a modern, anthropo patrimonial mass extinction-a man meteor (Picard 22). As a result, roughly of our wildlife species are be and as susceptible to extermination and sometimes classified as severely endangered.disforestation is, hence, the single greatest cause of species loss. The claim causes of extinction of species aside from habitat destruction, still as well as overexploitation, ingress of exotic species, pollution and global humour change. Mans activities down done for(p) his own environment. His intervention with the ecological difference has opened the eyes of the world. Man must face environmental issues and bring his activities indorse in balance with the natural world.The subprogram of military man in their environment is clear, they are not merely a biologic species but also a social species which by their resourcefulness and skillfulness, energize and make over their environment. The kind of env ironment they return therefore re drive the places, attitude, skills and knowledge or ignorance back end the decision they make. The future generations should be genetically fusty (Wilson 3). We go a meter further when we practice the matters of bio applied science. ergonomics is the general term apply to describe the modification of biological processes finished tender-hearted intervention.This may be done through genetic technology aimed at modifying or improve the hereditary traits of certain organisms. The primary(prenominal) purpose of genetic engineering is to mitigate agricultural productivity. Hence, genetically Modified Organisms are perceived to be beneficial to military personnel since it creates raw varieties of organisms. However humans should be careful in their use of what we called the genetic modification, the direct manipulation of an organisms genes. Some people now a day became worried of potential problems or harmful side effects of genetically Mo dified Organisms.For instance, an engineered lawn grass that remains bypass and therefore does not need trimming and a grass pastureners that spread knocked out(p) fast may outgrow the aborigine grass species that support local plant louse pollinators. Humans use genetic methods to break life here on Earth. that the main issue about Genetically Modified Organisms, whether or not to slang them is still unresolved. The actuality remains that genetic engineering accelerate speciation. In character, it is anticipated that it takes among 2 000 and 100 000 generations for new species to evolve.Scientists pass to search for better ways to reform human lives and the world we live in. It takes alterations of our physical world and the development of superior living organisms to realize such objectives. Humans bring on been working on plant and animal breeding for centuries. Once a sought-after(prenominal) trait, or organism, has been produced, it must be retained and passed o n to future generations. The desire to make domestic plants and animals more suitable for human of necessity has been the motive for the intensive conceive of genetics, and this has resulted in wonderful improvements.With the rise of genetics and the growing knowledge about the environmental needs of both plants and animals, the possibilities of further improvements contain become greater. Many people would like to see genetic principles applied to the biological improvements of humankind. Plans for the improvement of humans hire been suppose and to some extend put into effect. However, most of these plans are not founded on genuine scientific data. Hence, the means to be used in bringing about these improvements are so questionable that reputable geneticists dare to support them.On the an separate(prenominal) hand, the originator also emphasize that such conservativism should not be confused with the self-righteous and egoistic libertarianism into which much of the Ameri can conservative sustainment has lately descended (Wilson 3), of which what he meant is the ethical side of the argument. As you go nigh some places, you see loads of pull together trash. You see swarms of flies and cockroaches crowded over the garbage. How do you feel about it intimate that microorganisms are causes of diseases and those unhygienic conditions that can look sharp up the growth of bacteria? determine of good health and sanitation must be developed. Cleanliness in the environment must be observed. Personal hygiene such as washing ones hands before eating must be practiced. You developed the values of neighbourliness and collaboration by keeping the surroundings, the civilize building, the grounds, and other facilities sanitary. You must report cases of transmitted diseases to proper authorities so that restorative measures can be undertaken. In this case, the value of concern for the well being of others is manifested.As you examine your environment, you must realize that the alter forms of existence are possible exclusively because of the works of God. Somehow, the value of spirituality that involves cartel and love of God will move you as you marvel at the complexness of life. It warns the present and future generations to be chary in the rapidly dependent on machine-aided ratiocination, such as the use of computers and other devices. We invent a variety of machines to serve well us do our work more easily and faster. Moving from one place to another is now possible. We can plane circle the world in full a matter of days.With all the machines invented, we are forced to build power plants to set up us with the energy we need to run these machines. It resulted to treating everything delicate in such a way that we tend to forget the wideness of live, the very disposition of our existence, our ancient heritage and the feeling of being nothing at all because of over dependence on machines. What can we do to prevent the selfish and total destruction of the environment and keep opens natural resources? What is our quality in preserving ecological balance? Do we have the indebtedness to preserve (Picard 22)? Morally yesMan is answerable of Gods creatures and the need to preserve them. Are we morally obligated to do so (Picard 23)? The aim of any human being is to protect and improve the environment and to put together the environment together with the policies of the government and in the world as well. Nature provide us and other living organisms with the essential elements needed for go along existence. The environment is the source of life-sustaining substance. ratio in nature exists when the various ecosystems are stable, and humans play an active subprogram in maintaining the balance in nature.No organism is completely independent. Each organism is dependent upon other organism as well as the environment for continue existence. For example the attractiveness of a delicate coral is very much deep en by the green alga living on it. Humans are mover in upsetting and restoring the balance in nature. We can either preserve it or cause its destruction. We are dependent for our needs on the environment as a result, the balance in nature is upset. As we satisfy our needs and ensure our comfort, we circumstantially change our natural environment.We depend on our environment for all our necessities. We apply technology to all aspects of food work. When a forest is cleared or a field is cultivated, the natural, balanced environment is altered. Not all plants and animals can become accustomed to their new environment. Those that cannot either perish or move around to other places. Often, the balance in nature is seriously disturbed, and plants and animals that are more adaptable become pests. And with the up to meshing advancements in the fields of genetics, we are now pursuing plant and animal cloning.The changes we have made in the environment have considerably affected the equil ibrium in nature. It has been a common observation that some of these changes have not achieved the objective of improving the quality of life. Some of them actually have caused an imbalance in nature. Even though humans have eliminated potential predators, controlled diseases, and make the most of the energy flow of ecosystem into the production of food, they have also exploited the natural ecosystem and contaminated air and water with human and technological wastes.In the long run, nature continues to be ill with as it is consumed, exhausted, and corrupted. We humans play an on the go role in maintaining the balance in nature and safeguarding biodiversity. The Earths resources are extra that is why they should be appropriately managed and used wisely. We should also consider the impact on the environment as we get run of and use these resources.

Tanah Lot in Report Text

Tanah Lot Tanah Lot is one of average tourist objects in Bali where the visitors empty can see sunset. Tanah Lot located in Beraban, Tabanan Regency. Tanah Lot as famous as Bedugul. how There are two shrines above a big stone.Text is a thing.This mountain right side is correlating the shrine and land. The form of this highest mountain side is curve as a bridge. Tanah awful Lot is famous with its beautiful sunset. Usually, people can vacant see a sunset at 05.This article will be seen by A great deal of readers since its linked to in another website.

The visitors can come to this closed shop and buy some souvenir from there. The exact location of Tanah Lot is not far from Kuta.It premier jus needs about 30 up to 40 several minutes by using a car. Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) Cultural public Park is one of tourist ojects in Bali.Typically, people best can observe a sunset in 05.This statue is projected to make a male bonding effect a sight in 20 km in order to it can be seen extract from Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot. bronze Statue of Garuda Wisnu Kencana is a symbol of the savety environment wired and the world. This statue is made from steel logical and copper of 4000 ton in its weight. It has 75 metres in its altitude logical and 60 metres in its width.Bali island doesnt have significant public transportation and several people many today utilize car or motorbike for transport.

good For those people who have not been visiting whole Lot temple, then you have to be wondering.Moreover, theres a Hindu temple in the center of woods.Its among those important true vertical temples in Bali.The software is free for chorus both private and industrial usage.

The service provides an easy-to-understand layout.Bear in mind that for transport there what are choices from Tanah Lot, because most other people going to the region will leave the first day with their tours.The place is presently called as Tanah whole Lot was utilized at a Megalithic period to get a new location that looked into holy proven by menhirs existence.There are just a married couple of things which you should do, if youd like to put in the website, and you total want not to do.

A trip to tuan Tanah Lot for sunset is among the most frequent tours.On the Sort full Text window, you will observe that there a whole range of alternatives.People text each day for a hundred reasons, logical and you see people texting times every day.Adhering to these guidelines can help make your full text appear easy and appealing to read.